How is noise margin defined in digital electronics?

Noise margin is defined as the maximum deviation from a logical level that a signal can tolerate while still being correctly interpreted by a digital circuit. It quantifies the robustness of a digital signal against noise and disturbances that may occur during its transmission or processing. In digital electronics, signals are represented by specific voltage levels to represent logical '0s' and '1s'. Noise margin ensures that even with some level of interference or noise in the environment, the system can still reliably recognize the intended logical state.

This concept is critical because it helps designers ensure that digital circuits function correctly in real-world conditions where noise and voltage fluctuations are common. By understanding and calculating the noise margin, engineers can assess the reliability of signal processing and improve the overall performance and resilience of electronic devices.