What type of circuit can perform arithmetic functions?

The correct answer is the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). An ALU is a critical component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations on binary numbers. It can carry out essential functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT. The ability to execute these arithmetic functions is fundamental to processing data in digital electronics.

In the context of digital devices, the ALU works by taking input values, known as operands, and applying the specified operation to produce a result. This operational capability makes the ALU an indispensable element in every computational process, enabling complex calculations and decision-making processes within the system.

Other options are distinct in their functions; for instance, a Memory Unit is primarily responsible for storing data and instructions, which does not involve performing arithmetic functions. A Microcontroller is a more comprehensive component that integrates a CPU, memory, and peripherals, but its primary function is to control devices rather than execute arithmetic operations directly. A Multiplexer is a data routing device that selects one of several input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line, which does not inherently involve performing arithmetic. Thus, the ALU stands out as the specialized circuit designed