Which component is primarily responsible for performing arithmetic operations in a computer?

The component that is primarily responsible for performing arithmetic operations in a computer is the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU is a fundamental part of the CPU, specifically designed to carry out mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations.

The ALU operates on the data provided to it, manipulating this data based on the instructions it receives from the control unit within the CPU. By performing operations like comparisons and boolean logic, the ALU plays a crucial role in executing the logical and arithmetic computations necessary for processing data in a computer.

In the context of the other components, while the CPU encompasses the ALU along with other components such as the control unit and registers, it is the ALU itself that specifically handles the arithmetic operations. RAM serves as temporary storage for data and instructions but does not perform calculations. Similarly, ROM contains the firmware or software that is not intended to be modified and is not involved in arithmetic operations. Thus, the correct emphasis on the ALU highlights its specialized function in executing mathematical computations within the broader framework of the CPU.